A Research Project On Risk Management Essay - 1115 Words

projects? Risk is defined as an incident that has a possibility of happening, and could have either a good or bad influence to a project. A risk may have one or more reasons and impacts. If there is an uncertain event occurs, there may be an impact on the project cost, schedule or performance. All projects assume some element of risk, and it’s through risk management where tools and techniques are used to monitor and control those events that have the potential to impact the results of a project. Risk management is an ongoing processes that carry on through the life cycle of a project or an event. The risk management processes include planning, identification, analysis, monitoring and control. These processes are always needed to update throughout the project lifecycle as new risks can be traced when the project is ongoing. The main reason of risk management is to decrease the negative probability and impact to the project. On the other hand, any event that could have a posit ive impact should be exploited. Effective risk management strategies allow project managers to identify project’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. By planning for unexpected things, we can be always alert to respond if something bad occurs. To ensure a project’s success, we need to define how to handle the potential risks so that we can identify, mitigate or keep away from problems when doing the project. Successful project managers must be familiar with risk management, becauseShow MoreRelatedA Research Project On Credit Risk Management Basic1515 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand the content of a research project. ( Investopedia.com) According to Van Gestel and Baesens in their book â€Å"Credit risk management basic† in order for banks to ensure a good credit risk management and to maximize its profitability it is very important that banks pays particular attention to four practices. Those practices are the selection of a solvable counterparty, limitation is to fix a limit risk exposure regarding the counterparty, diversification spread the credit risk in order to avoid aRead MoreA Report On The Construction Sector Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesconstruction management space, which has been poorly addressed in New Zealand until recently. (Pieter, 2011) High level of complexity is also involved in construction projects, which exposes this sector to humungous risk aspects. Therefore, lessening of risk linked to such projects, should be prioritized and handled in a systematic way. Risk is an indefinite occurrence or a state, which affects tangible or intangible factors. Managing risks in the right way is important. Risk Management deals withRead MoreProblems Associated With The Building And Construction Commission892 Words   |  4 PagesDespite various construction acts, regulations, standards, codes, licensing regimes, other management approaches such as quality management, risk management, defect management building are still handed with defects. It is evident from Queensland Building and Construction Commission (2015a) annual report that in 2014/15 alone received 4,793 complaints about defective work. There are many other defects that are seen to occur during the construction process, which gets rectified before the practicalRead MoreRisk Management For Construction Projects1095 Words   |  5 Pagesknow what risk management is, realize the procedure of risk management in construction project and have a deeper study on the application of risk management during construction period, therefore, a better project output and better value for both clients and constructors. There are two objectives of this study: 1. To assess the most major and common risks which cause bad effect on construction period. 2. To figure out reasonable solutions. On the basis of the aim and the objectives, research questionsRead MoreThe Real Estate And Construction Industry1000 Words   |  4 Pagesareas - from property management to risk management. To be successful in this environment, where our collective performance bar is being raised significantly, the real estate industry will have to dedicate more resources and develop a higher degree of operational sophistication Real estate is vulnerable to the numerous other business risks that often represent greater exposures than those that are traditionally insurable. For example, there are regulatory and legislative risks, professional, contractualRead Moreis3110 project1391 Words   |  6 PagesProject Project: Risk Management Plan Purpose This project provides an opportunity to apply the competencies gained in the units of this course to develop a risk management plan for a specific business problem related to an organization’s identification of an outdated plan. Required Source Information and Tools The following tools and resources that will be needed to complete this project: ï‚ § Course textbook ï‚ § Internet access for research ï‚ § Defense Logistics Agency: www.dla.mil Learning ObjectivesRead MoreCase Study : A Nut- Shell Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pagesthis case study tell us about a big project which faced so many problems within one year of project execution. The completion of this project was 3 years with a large budget of $50M. But due to problems the CHEMICS insurance company decided to update all their processes and systems. This project effect all the departments within the company.So a management team with hired consultants and some members of insurance company was formed.Moreover there was no project manager for this case study.After completionRead MoreRisk Management Techniques For Construction Project1280 Words   |  6 Pages Research Paper on Risk Management Techniques for Construction Project Pariekshit Guttikonda Lawrence Technological University Abstract Construction is a risky industry and there is no other industry that requires proper application of business practices much as construction industry. The main objective of this research is to gain understanding of risk factors faced by building projects. The study also aims to investigate the effectiveness of risk preventive and imitative methods. From thisRead MoreBusiness Strategy And Project Management1653 Words   |  7 Pages1. Srivannaboon.S, Milosevic.Z.D (2005). A two-way influence between business strategy and project management. According to the authors Srivannaboon.S, and Milosevic.Z.D (2005), the alignment of project management with the corporate strategy is critical to achieve the company’s short term and long term goals. The main objective of project management is to guide the company towards its goals within the set time frame and cost. In today’s globalization, business leaders are facing many challenges fromRead MoreOriginal Model Of Home High Speed Rail1434 Words   |  6 Pagesrevives a long abandoned this option to equip its longest domestic routes. It leaves its mark to this device by opening multiple circulations. Dependent on the legacy of a physically segmented network by its breaks London loads, it makes the ambitious project of the new railway link between Heathrow and Gatwick a reorganisation tool from the railway geography, bearer of new connections or new routes qualities at sub-national, national and international. However, realisation of these ongoing changes are

Essay on Free Will - 648 Words

Free Will A definition of free will, as we have seen, can be misunderstood and easily distorted. For the purpose of this essay free will, will be defined as the ability to chose, express ones feelings, emotions, or actions unconditionally. From the first time I understood the meaning of what free will was, I believed in it 100%. I had the right and ability to choose what ever I liked. Not only did I believe that I had free will but if I ever heard otherwise I felt that the other person did not have a clear understanding of what free will was, and as a result I could demonstrate a fairly strong persuasive argument opposing anything but the existence of free will. I would illustrate a situation in which there seemed to be no†¦show more content†¦I grew up in a household where I was taught that I was and will always be free. I also never had any religious affiliation within my first 8 years of schooling, which might have influenced me to think differently. The illustration of a gun to ones head is also rooted within the environment of others as well as my own. We can assume that the majority of people would want to live in that situation and therefore follow what is being asked of them. Now is that there f ree will? I dont think so. The fact that they choose to live is based on their enjoyment of life and there lessons that they have been taught by their upbringing, this is their environment. The same would be true on an extreme end. Somebody may make the decision to not obey and sacrifice his or her life because of extreme misery and discontent. Furthermore, the reason for the unhappiness may be a result of heredity. The victims mother could have used drugs, or something similar that which had an effect on her child. God plays an interesting role in this explanation of free will. Presently, after having about 7 years of religious education I feel like I am educated enough to speak of God. I believe that people can be affected by God within there decision making and often have God make the choice for them. For example, the choice to remain celibate until marriage, that is Gods wishesShow MoreRelatedFree Will And Free Choice1122 Words   |  5 Pagesknown permitted the choice, your free will grants you this privilege. Or does it? Free will is a false concept often confused with free choice. Free will does not truly exist, the limitations set by nature and the influence of other people hinder the ability to choose without the impact of past experiences. As Barbara Smoker, a British Humanist activist and freethought advocate stated, â€Å"Free choice means you are not forced by other people or what is outside of you. Free will is the idea that you areRead MoreShould Free Will Be Free?904 Words   |  4 Pagestalking about the idea of â€Å"free will† there are a lot of factors involved. 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Robert Kane argues for a new version of libertarianism with an indeterminist element. He believes that deeper freedom is not an illusion. Derk Pereboom takes an agnostic approach about causal determinism and sees himselfRead MoreIn Defense of Free Will1055 Words   |  4 Pages In this paper I will present an argument against free will and then I will defend a response to that argument. Free will is defined as having the ability to make our own choices. Some will argue that all of our decisions have already been dictated by our desires therefore we never actually truly make our own choices. The purpose of this paper is to defend the argument that we have free will by attacking the premise that states we have no control over what we desire. I will defeat this premiseRead More Destiny, Fate, Free Will and Free Choice in Oedipus the King - The Paradox of Free Will1318 Words   |  6 PagesA Paradox: Oedipuss Free will in the Play Oedipus Rex William Shakespeare once wrote, Who can control his fate? (Othello, Act v, Sc.2).  A hero and leader must acknowledge above all else his honor, and the pride of his image.   In ancient Greek beliefs, a hero was a man who stood taller than the rest; he was able to better any conflict.   He did this not for himself or for any token award that may be given to him, but for the security of his fellow man.   Physical strength and superior wit areRead MoreThe Relevence of Free Will615 Words   |  3 Pageshuge part in who we are. But we also have free will. -Aidan Quinn Basically this quote is saying how we are raised in the home determines a big factory of how discipline we are however we still must take into consideration that we are still held accountable for our action regardless. Although how we were raised in the home play a major role with the choices we make in our entire lives as an individual. I do believe that morals have a strong factor in free will and determinism. Hom es that teach moralsRead MoreThe View On Free Will1264 Words   |  6 PagesAvalon Singer 29 September 2014 Topic 1: What I Believe is the Correct View on Free Will We are raised to believe that we are the makers of our own destiny. Every decision we make is our own, and we are free citizens in every sense of the word. Although this thought is comforting, I do not consider it to be true. I think that free will is an illusion. The idea of free will is what keeps us sane and motivates us in our lives, but is not what controls our lives. I presume that our world isRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will950 Words   |  4 PagesAs a concept, free will offers a tremendous opportunity to pursue rationality of purpose. Within this rationality, individuals find wisdom whenever they exercise it appropriately. Both Skinner and Bandura state that free will explore the determinant to the ability of humanity to discover the space around them (Koons, 2002). Over time, philosophers have maintained that free will offers itself as a gift to humanity. It is presumed, therefore, that free will is God’s ordination, and as such, man should

Data and Knowledge Management

Question: What is Data and knowledge management? Answer: Background The research assignment will focus on data and knowledge management that will lead the organization to huge success. This way, the research report will focus on the idea of the research that will help to meet the success for the organization. Data management is the procedure of controlling the data created amid an exploration venture. For each of these focuses, there are generous observational proof and also hypothetical thoughts connecting them to data knowledge management disappointment. If its not too much trouble note that these components are not recorded in place of vitality, nor does anyone causal variable compare to a particular resultant element. (Cisco, 2009) Knowledge about the subject helps in performing the task in the best possible manner. the individual can apply the know-how and improve the quality of the work. For this, it is essential to have clear understanding about the task. The knowledge posed by individuals varies from each other, and it is related to the products, experience, and other factors. Experienced individual possess efficient knowledge through which the values related to the task can be developed and implemented. It is possible to analyze the challenges and provide the best solution through which the system can be sorted out in the best possible manner (Hoover, 2008). Knowledge management helps in analyzing the relevance of the data and implements the same for decision making process. Accurate knowledge would help the management in making the right decision that will cater the needs of the company. Application of knowledge depends upon the objectives and preferences of the company. This is one of the reasons, the management is recommended to adopt and implement the right strategies through which the task can be accomplished on a timely manner. Also, it is possible to develop new structures through which implementation process can be simplified. In this method, it is necessary to adopt new methods through which the capability of the products and services can be improved. The management needs to highlight the critical areas that need to be worked upon by the management(Arma.org, 2009). Abstract Data management is the storage of records analysis and it is the reconstruction of recent events as inputs for decision-making. It comprises a range of practices required by an organization such as an enterprise. The difference between the data and information is debatable and it aims to deal with the research and make proper knowledge that the goal of knowledge management has the ability to integrate information from various approaches to deal with the insights associated with valid decision-making. (Lamont, 2012) Through effective data management system, the company can analyze the importance of different components like the methods, engineering process, and individuals on the performance of the system. The workforce concentrates on the employees and innovation methods that have been adopted by the company. Both the components have to be analyzed, as this will help the management in selecting the better options that would cater the needs of the company. It is essential to develop effective relationship between the individuals and the engineering methods that has been adopted by the company. This will help in analyzing the risks and other factors that can impact the performance of the strategies. The information management system has to be used effectively, as this will help the management in deciding the areas of concerns. Through this process, the management can work on different strategies for developing control process. This has been done to avoid the exploration venture, which can affect the performance of the plan. The observational analysis has been done to analyze different types of thoughts that are related to the vitality and it is quite often related to the resultant. In this process, the variables has to be analyzed, as this will help in developing the best strategies that would help in the implementing process (Reeep.org, 2013) Introduction Through data management and knowledge is related to implementing the process for enhancing the privilege learning method. The strategy adopted would be able to help the management in handling the unpredictable issues that can affect the performance of the company. Through this method, it is possible to implement the best corporate method that would improve the understanding about the tasks that needs to be performed by the individuals. The change that has to be made in the performance of the company has to be analyzed in the right manner. In this case, the authoritative parts are analyzed and implemented in the right manner. with the help of the learning management process the management of the company can introduce effective information system, which will help in impacting the knowledge in the right manner. It is also possible to handle issues related to stockpile and refinement process (Airccse.org, 2013). With the help of the data management and knowledge management system the company can ensure to introduce the best system through which the use of knowledge can be improved. It is essential to introduce an effective method for improving the learning methods, which will take care of the needs of the company. The process helps the management to gain from the past performance. Information resources can be re-conveyed and used for various purposes. This is one of the most important factors that would help the management to upgrade the skills that is required for execution of the task. I some cases, it is necessary to use information generated from department in executing the task with the other department. For this, the management can introduce an effective learning method that would simplify the process. In this case, the users will be able to make use of the privileged skills that surpasses the expectations of the old learning method. The company can develop effective strategies through which the capacity to perform can be increased. Learning process can be simplified and made effective, as this will help the staffs (Informationpolicy.iu.edu, 2009) Literature Review Dynamic stream of knowledge management is developed in the organizational knowledge development theory and the importance of business is to realize the importance of new knowledge based on the existing knowledge. Organizational knowledge development depends on the content with the organization and explicit knowledge. They play an important role in knowledge creation and encourage promoting employees to be innovative. (Kobielus, 2009) Definitions of knowledge The improvements in knowledge management promote important factors such as superior performance in the organization. The understanding of the term is evolved in the literature where the first concept is associated with management of knowledge as an organizational resource. Knowledge is a mix of experience that offers the framework of new informations and experiences. It can also become the information. (Maches, 2010) The theoretical concept is developed with the major concern of knowledge management and it is an important extension to information management. It describes the decision that combines with external knowledge and internal knowledge is externally marketed. Thus the theory believes continuous management that depends on the intellectual capital that motivates knowledge managers to deal with knowledge exchange among organizational members and other key members. (Perez, 2009) Successful knowledge management strongly depends on organizational behavior and the research imports creativity, innovation, learning and capabilities. (Baskerville Duplipovici, 2006) Data Knowledge Management Retention: Data knowledge management system helps in drafting the best policies through which the knowledge management process can be upgraded. In this case, the company adopts and implements an effective verifying method that will upgrade the skills of the data knowledge management system. Information maintained system helps the company to perform different tasks in the right manner, without comprising with the quality. Data Knowledge Management Systems: Through this method, it is possible to handle the uncertain issues that can impact the performance of the company. The process for imparting, production, and revelation of the information for data management can be simplified. However, the challenges that can impact the performance of the system are with the hierarchy process that has been adopted by the company. This usually happens when there is no acknowledgment system (Otero, et, al, 2010) Data Knowledge Acquisition: The company can make the best use of the data or the knowledge that has been acquired from the suppliers, clients, accomplices, and others. The acquired knowledge can be used for analyzing the type of changes needs to be introduced by the company for improving the quality of services that has been proposed to be provided to the clients. The changes that need to be implemented by the company can be drafted and introduced in the right manner. through this process, it is possible to introduce privileged method or channels that can be used for exchanging the information that would help the firm to develop. In this case, the data knowledge management system has to be incorporated in the best possible manner (Talbot, 2009). In order to use the data management and the knowledge management make use of the below mentioned tools Introducing an effective IT systems Projects Socialization and interaction methods Involving the partners in the execution of different tasks At the time of deciding the data and the knowledge management system, it is necessary to analyses the expectations of the company. This is done with an intention of reusing the information for introducing the changes within the business operational activities. with the help of the sub-section, it is possible to handle different departments in the right manner (Naresh, 2013). Knowledge sharing It is concerned with knowledge development that helps to increase the potential of the organization. The main activities contain knowledge sharing as transmission and absorption. It contains the effectiveness of knowledge use and different means to share knowledge in the organization would be training, problem-solving, discussion, information technology uses etc. (Hulbert, 2014) Through knowledge sharing process, the management develops a link between the know-how implications and its understanding. In this case, the knowledge possessed by different individuals is used for the best purposes. The knowledge is gained through experience and analyzing different situations at the workplace. In this case, the experience, data, values, and other factors are used to assess the relevance of the data. The knowledge of the individual is analyzed, so that the same can be used in the best possible manner In this case, the standards and process that would have to be followed needs to be determined (Roggero, 2013). Information: The information that is collected is analyzed in the form of data, so that the same can be used in the best possible manner. In this process the data are computed and consolidated in the right manner. It is necessary to use the data in the right manner, as this will help in making the right decision. Methods The managerial concerns that are related to the techniques, initiative, or administration task have to be analyzed. Such an analysis is done with an intention of improving the managerial performance that would help in implementing the changes that are required for enhancing the quality of the works. In this method, it is essential to make the best use of the resources that are available in the form of information. The management would be able to collect the data and use the same in the best frameworks. The exploration is done in the form of the behavioral factors, which will help in introducing the changes that are required to make the best use of the data management system (Wayne, 2011). The non-experimental tasks that are considered in the research work have to be experimented. This will help in using the data in the best possible manner. such data will be used for conducting the critical subject exploration that is necessary for the conduct of the research work. With the help of the research routines like the activity check and others the data management system can be best implemented. The hypothesis has to be analyses, as this will help in using the information in the right manner. The valuable information has to be used for the sake of sharing the details and other information with the staffs of the company. Through such process the company can differentiate between the important information. Such strategies would help in selecting the best option that will cater the needs of the management. In some cases, the management might need specialist help that would help in finding the answers to the questions that are considered to be imprint for the management. In case of activity exploration, the company needs to introduce different systems that would improve the quality of the information gathering and other factors. The collected data can be used for improving the quality of tasks that has been planned to be performed by the company. Further the data helps in conducting research work (Dick, 2000). In case of fizzled activities, the learning management frameworks have to be decided. This will help in finding the alternative solutions to the problem that can affect the performance for the company. The issues are identified and the best use of the knowledge management system has been introduced by the company. The research work has been conducted to find the benefits that are associated with the process of introducing the best steps. With the help of the activity exploration method, the company selects the best method for exploring or honoring the data management system (Ankara, 2005). The study also reveals the efforts that need to be introduced for improving the research process. The action that needs to be taken for improving the research work is analyzed. This would help in selecting the better options that will take care of the needs of the company. (Baskerville Wood-Harper, 1996). Research design In this research, the researcher will mainly focus on creating improvements to ensure proper data management and integration. The researcher will follow the methods and analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods are known as scientific method depends on particular questions and interviews. The questions are meaningful for achieving information and other analysis. Quantitative method: This method helps to generate the views and responses for the defined question and the result is also dependent on the data analysis. Questionnaires form the important information. Sample size of the research helps to denote the term reliability and it also measures data collection. The sample size of this research has been taken the 50 numbers. There were 50 respondents for this research analysis and responses. Research questions Does knowledge known as a global success factor? How knowledge management improves the organizational culture and structure? Does knowledge management improve the companys ability and learning? Hypothesis H0: Data and knowledge management improves business performance and creates success in the organization. H1: Data and knowledge management does not improve business performance and does not create success in the organization. Data collection methods The researcher mainly seeks information in accordance to manage the data and knowledge in the organization. The researcher will focus on interviews and other methods to deal with the results and findings. Interviews: It is the face to face perspective that helps to collect the information on the major subject. It is the excellent approach that deals with the information of the respondents. This deals with the major sources of data that leads to success with respect to the research questions and interviews. Questionnaires: Questionnaires develop the primary data to deal with the outcomes that strongly depend on the reliable sources to meet the objectives by the help of questionnaire method. This aims to know the views and information collected by the respondents. The questionnaires are importantly designed with reliable information that offers important conclusion. Therefore, to deal with the interview methods and questionnaires are easy and to get the data collected from respondents is also expensive. Survey method: The most important method of data collection is known well as survey method and the responses from the respondents would be collected either by emails or through face to face interaction. This approach would be the useful approach and there might have enough time to complete this information successfully. These surveys would be completed by companies, employees or other members of the organization. Observation method: This is the critical approach of data gathering that requires important information. It brings successful approach in terms of information and other offers. Validity of the research: The validity of the research is the major critical factor that meets the researcher to be developed in the survey. Every process in the research has met the proper guidelines and the interview that has been gathered with the individual views and opinions offered by the respondents to deal with the research validity. (Brodkin, 2014) Discussion Every research has its shortcomings and limitations. There were limitations with primary and secondary research and the findings based upon the secondary data and primary data. The secondary data involves limitations and the responses of the respondents play an important role when the response of the respondent is positive with respect to research questions and analysis. Conclusion can be developed via primary research methods and questionnaires could be filled directly but due to less amount of time, the research was not successful with reliable information. Therefore the evaluation of the questionnaire is done with the approach of research. Ethics of the research Every research follows some ethics and there are many barriers to deal with the respondents. Research ethics helps to deal with the major roles of the researcher to collect the data and information. The researcher will deal with the ethics that requires to be followed to provide security to the respondents by providing confidential personal informations. The researcher is well known that the ethics has been followed and the respondents are motivated to deal with the valid data and proper information. (Boyd, 2013) Results and findings With the help of observations and interviews, the result will be presented in the form of figures and charts. As per the analysis, it has been found that the data and knowledge management has important benefits such as exchange of information, knowledge acquisition, information, administration management, business performance, innovation and learning as well as capacity. Data and knowledge management With the help of above diagram, the figure identifies the fact as per the research analysis, 50 respondents were extremely satisfied with the data and knowledge management techniques available in the organizations. Sharing of knowledge With the above diagram, it is illustrated that 43 numbers of respondents were extremely satisfied with the sharing of information with data and knowledge management and only 2 respondents were average satisfied with this option. Knowledge acquisition With the help of the above pie chart, the researcher is able to find out that 48 respondents believes knowledge acquisition is the major parameter where the firm is able to gain data and knowledge remotely from clients, suppliers, contenders, accomplices, and mergers. (Sutton, 2009) Information With the help of the above figure, it is found by the researcher that 47 respondents are extremely satisfied with the category that knowledge and data management provides information to the respondents followed with 1 and 2 respondents who were satisfied and average satisfied with the information that is being gathered with data and knowledge management. Administration As per the above represented pie chart, the researcher found that there were 49 respondents who were extremely satisfied with the administration in the business and this generates business performance and creates high value with the data and knowledge management. Thus it has been discussed that there were maximum number of respondents who were extremely satisfied with the approaches known well for data as well as knowledge management. (Popsci.com, 2013) Business performance With the help of above diagram, it has been found that 45 numbers of respondents were highly satisfied with the level of business performance that could be gained through data and knowledge management. 2 respondents believed that they were average satisfied with the fact that business performance could be achieved through data management. Learning and capacity With the help of the diagram above, the researcher believed that 50 respondents were highly satisfied with the parameter known as learning and capacity thus they believed that data and knowledge management could lead to strong learning and high capacity to the organization and its members. Innovation With respect to the diagram above, it has been found that maximum number of respondents was extremely satisfied with the fact that data and knowledge management will help the business to lead to innovation. (Theguardian.com, 2014) Conclusion Data and knowledge management is basically about getting the privilege learning to the privilege individual at the privilege time. This in itself may not appear to be so intricate, however it suggests a solid attach to corporate procedure, understanding of where and in what structures learning exists, making methodologies that compass hierarchical capacities, and guaranteeing that activities are acknowledged and backed by authoritative parts. The attention is on extremely data management abilities, however with specific specializations. Case in point, in his experience inside engineering administration, they ought to have taken off new arrangements and went about as a contact in the middle of business and innovation. (Dmkk, 2015) References Airccse.org. 2013. International journal of data mining and knowledge management process: Scope and topics. Vol. 2. No. 2, pp. 31Baskerville, R. Duplipovici, A. 2006. The theoretical foundations of knowledge management: Knowledge management research and practice. Vol. 4, no. 83-105, pp. 105-107Cisco, 2009. Cisco Cloud Computing - Data Center Strategy, Architecture, and Solutions. Viewed on 11th November, 2014. Retrieved from https://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/docs/gov/CiscoCloudComputing_WP.pdfCitrix Cloud Solution For Compliance, Solution Brief, Citrix Cloud Solutions,2010, Access from https://www.citrix.com/content/dam/citrix/en_us/documents/product-solutions/citrix-cloud-computing-solution-for-comaliance.pdf on 10/01/2014Cloud Computing, Benefits, risks and recommendations for information security, European Network and Information Security Agency Report, November 2009Dmkk. 2015. Data mining and knowledge management: Master course in data mining and knowledge management a European master.Future Smartphone Security, Retrieved from https:/www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2013-09/future-smartphone-security Access on 09/12/2013HBCWire.com. Retrieved on March 4, 2010 from https://www.hpcwire.com/specialfeatures/cloud_computing/features/The-Impact-of-Cloud-Computing-on-Corporate-IT-Governance-82623252.htmlHerve Roggero, Sample Pricing Comparison: Amazon AWS and Windows Azure, February 2013, Access from https://geekswithblogs.net/hroggero/archive/2013/sample-pricing- comparison-Amazon-aws-and-windows-azure.asxpon 6th January 2014Hoover, J. N. (2008, August 16). Outages force cloud computing user to rethink tactics.InformationWeek. Retrieved on March 26, 2010 from https://www.informationweek.com/news/services/saas/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=210004236Information Security Magazine. 2009. The three cloud computing risks to consider. Issue: June 2009. Retrieved from https://www.arma.org/press/ARMAnews/Infosecurity.pdfIndiana University. 2009. Use of Cloud Computing. Indi ana University Articles and Papers26 August 2009. Retrieved from https://informationpolicy.iu.edu/resources/articles/cloud_computingJohn Brodkin, 10 cloud computing companies to watch, Network World, May 18, 2009, Access from https://www.networkworld.com/supp/2009/ndc3/051809-cloud-companies-to-watch.html?page=5 on 09/01/2014Kobielus, J. (2009). Storm clouds ahead. Network World. Southborough: Mar 2, 2009. Vol. 26, Iss. 9; pag. 24, 3Lamont, J. 2012. Big data has big implications for knowledge management: KM world. Vol. 4, No. 21.Liew, A. 2007. Understanding data information and their inter relationships: Journal of knowledge management practice. Vol. 8. No. 2, pp. 3-4Maches, B. (2010, January 25). The Impact of cloud computing on corporate IT governance.Mark Boyd, Cloud Computing, A Case Study for Small Business, June 25, 2013 Access from https://www.business2community.com/cloud-computing/all-in-cloud-solutions-a-case-study-for-small-business-0533500 on 08/01/2014Michael Sutton, The attacker within, How Hackers Are Targeting Enterprise Networks from the Inside-Out, August 2009, Access from https://www.zscaler.com/odcondemand111808.php on 09/01/2014Naresh Kumar, Amazon WS vs. Microsoft WA: Cloud Hosting Services Comparison and Competition, The Professional Point, July 2013. Access from https://theprofessionalspoint.blogspot.in/2013/07/amazone-web-service-vs-microsoft.htmlm=1 on 6th January 2014Otero, A. R., Otero, C. E., Qureshi, A.(2010). Securing data transfer in the cloud through introducing identification packet and UDT authentication option field: a characterization. International Journal of Network Security Its Applications (IJNSA), Vol.2, No.4, October Retrieved from https://airccse.org/journal/nsa/1010ijnsa01.pdfPerez, S. (2009). The Cloud Isnt Safe?! (Or Did Black Hat Just Scare Us?). August 5,2009.ReadWriteWeb. Retrieved from https://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/the_cloud_isnt_safe_or_did_blackhat_just_scare_us.phpReeep.org. 2013. Open knowledge: O ceans of information.SANS Institute. (2007). An Introduction to information system risk management RetrievedMarch 4, 2010, from https://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/auditing/an_introduction_to_information_system_risk_management_1204?show=1204.phpcat=auditingShannon Hulbert, Comparing Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Windows Azure and VMware Cloud Services, March 2013, from https://opusinteractive.com/blogs Access on 5th January 2014Singh, R. Gupta, M. 2010. Research questions and methodological issues in knowledge management, pp. 20.Talbot, D. (2009). Vulnerability seen in Amazon's cloud-computing. Technology Review. Friday, October 23, 2009. Retrieved on March 4, 2010 from https://www.cs.sunysb.edu/~sion/research/sion2009mitTR.pdfFrost, A. 2013. Knowledge management systems: An educational KM siteThe Notorious Nine, Cloud Computing Top Threats in 2013, Top Threats Working Group, February 2013, Cloud Security Alliance.Why cloud computing is perfect for small businesses, Sept ember 2013, Access from https://theguardin.com/media-network/partner-zone-microsoft/cloud-computing-perfect-small-businesses on 5th January 2014Wayne Jansen, Timothy Grance, Guidelines on Security and Privacy in Public Cloud Computing, January 2011, National Institute of Standards and Technology, US Department of Commerce. Privacy in Cloud Computing, ITU-T Technology Watch Report, March 2012. Appendix SL Which options are satisfactory for respondents? Extremely Dissatisfied Dissatisfied Average satisfied Satisfied Extremely Satisfied 1 Data and knowledge management 0 0 0 0 0 2 Sharing of knowledge 0 0 0 0 0 3 Knowledge acquisition 0 0 0 0 0 4 Information 0 0 0 0 0 5 Administration 0 0 0 0 0 6 Business performance 0 0 0 0 0 7 Innovation 0 0 0 0 0 8 Learning and capacity 0 0 0 0 0

The Story Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Is About A Man Who Created S

The story of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley is about a man who created something that messes with nature, and nature came back to mess with him because nature is more powerful than man. Victor Frankenstein was very interested in natural philosophy and chemistry and basically tried to play G-d by creating life. When he found the secret of activating dead flesh, he created a superhuman being composed of rotted corpses. What he did was considered unthinkable, and he was haunted by his own creation. When the monster escaped, Frankenstein knew that he had to deal with the consequences of what the monster might do. Frankenstein received a letter one day which informed him of his younger brother William's murder, and immediately suspected that he was responsible, for he was the creator of the hideous monster. A friend of the family named Justine Moritz was the "presumed" murderer, and Frankenstein was determined to prove her innocent. Circumstantial evidence, however, led the courts to believ e Justine guilty, because found in her pocket was a photograph which had belonged to William. Justine had been put to death, and Frankenstein had yet to find his creation. Finally, upon their meeting, the monster confessed to his creator of what he had been through, how he was rejected by society, and finally, how he had come to kill William. When William had revealed his name to the monster, the monster immediately figured that by killing the young boy, he would have revenge on Frankenstein for giving him life. The monster did not understand the concept of right and wrong and he especially didn't mean to kill anybody. His expression of anger ended up being violent, even fatal to the victim, and it just worked out that he killed people. As the monster's story continued, he demanded of Frankenstein a female mate who he can be with until his end, and promised to live away from society. Frankenstein, meanwhile, tried to restore the monster's demented mind so he could live a normal life . Although at first Frankenstein agreed to create a friend for the monster, he changed his mind for fear that between the two of them, his life, as well as many others, would be in danger. The creature wanted revenge, and so everything important in Frankenstein's life ended up being destroyed, including his wife and best friend.

Totalitarian Regimes and the Threat of Genocide free essay sample

The following paper discusses Christopher R. Brownings Ordinary Men Reserve Police Battalion 101 and The Final Solution in Poland with reference to the War Against Terror. This paper supports Brownings thesis that the despicable behavior of Hitler and his allies towards another race, as seen in World War II, is no aberration but is rather entirely possible and even probable in other places and times. The writer makes reference to Osama Bin Laden and the Taliban comparing the organization to a totalitarian regime. From the paper: Drawing extensively on primary source material, including transcripts of investigations and war crime trials, Browning asks how ordinary men could have carried out the horrific acts that are described in his book in such detail. His answer is disturbing, because he avoids facile generalizations that would provide a comfortable psychological distance between us and them.

Essay on Colonial Latin American History

Essay on Colonial Latin American History Essay on Colonial Latin American History Essay on Colonial Latin American HistoryAs it is evident from different historical sources, there has always been a fierce competition for wealth and prosperity among the European countries. Today, it is widely known about the remarkable voyage of the captain Christopher Columbus for Spain back in 1492. And this was the beginning of the colonial Latin American history. Instead of sailing to the east, Christopher Columbus sailed west all across the Atlantic ocean seeking for the alternative trade route to the rich and wealthy lands of Asia. Every school child knows this story that ended with Columbus never reaching the shores of Asia, but instead stepping onto an unknown land in the Caribbean. It was this event that catalyzed the process of bringing together the European and American peoples. And this significant and memorable event soon changed the world forever.The following paper analyzes different aspects of the Spanish colonization of the Americas during the colonial times. The p aper discusses the events of that period in detail and with an emphasis on the factors that led to the colonization. It goes without saying that this significant event brought about many changes for both European and American peoples. Thus, the following research further explores both the unavoidable outcomes and quite predictable consequences of the colonization. The paper also explores the historical data on Spanish conquistadors who first entered the Latin America and opened a new trade route, consequently creating a connection between Europe and America. The research question of the following paper is to thoroughly analyze the historical data in terms of the actions of Spanish invaders in regard to the newly discovered land and its people. The actions of Spanish colonists were at times fierce and violent and this question is also discussed throughout the following research. It should be admitted that the Spanish colonization of the Americas was surely a significant and memorable event that had shaken the world and changed it for ages to come.How it all beganThe Spanish colonization of America was firstly meant to be exploration and later settlement and political governing over most of the western land by the Spanish Empire. It all began with the Spanish conquistadors, whose motivation for the colonial expansion was majorly trade and the spread of Christian religion. The colonization of the Americas lasted for more than four hundred years, starting back in 1492 and lasting till 1898. Everybody knows the memorable story of the arrival of Christopher Columbus, who aimed at finding a trade route to Asia, but instead found himself in the Caribbean island. During further years of exploration, the Spanish Empire expanded across most part of today’s Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Its expansion soon spread across many other lands of America. The colonization of America lasted till the early 19th century, when the revolutionary events fina lly resulted in the independence of most Spanish colonies[1]. The fatal loss of the territories politically brought an end to the Spanish colonization of America. However, the cultural and religious influences remain even nowadays.Factors leading to the Spanish colonization of Latin AmericaSpain had a number of motivations to expand and conquer the south of America. First of all, one would surely take into consideration religious motifs. Religion was the first and one of the major justifications for the colonization of Latin America. The Spanish expulsion and victory of the Muslim Moors from the so-called reconquista took place at the starting point of the age of discovery[2]. At the time when Spanish and Portuguese conquistadors entered the previously unknown lands and made new discoveries, they considered themselves to be crusaders, whose major mission and goal was to bring Catholicism to the indigenous people of Latin America for it to spread all across the newly conquered territ ories. Thus, the primary goal for the first expeditions to the new lands was to convert the people of the present Latin America, whom Europeans viewed as barbaric and savage. It is known from the historical data that Catholic priests travelled together with the Spanish conquistadors on their voyages across the ocean.The second and not less important factor for the colonization of Latin America was based on the economic and political motivations during the first expeditions to the New World. Thus, Spanish Empire viewed conquering of the lands in the New World as means to enlarge the size and enhance the strength of the Spanish Empire. This factor is undoubtedly well grounded, as it should be admitted that conquering new territories encouraged the spread of influence, power and prestige of Spain within the community of Europe. Furthermore, it is evident that early stages of overseas exploration by Spanish conquistadors turned to be successful as Spain managed to acquire monopolies on the spice trade. Moreover, the Spanish discovered precious metals like gold and silver in the newly discovered lands of Latin America. This discovery soon led to the growth of Spanish prosperity and wealth.First settlements in Latin AmericaThe first discoveries and explorations of Spanish conquistadors were followed by the stage of inland conquest and corresponding expeditions. The first mainland settlement in America was located in Santa Maria la Antiqua del Darien[3]. The Spanish invaders were extremely amazed by and surprised at the extent of prosperity of that land. Immeasurable wealth in silver and gold, complex cities greatly surpassing the European ones and a great number of outstanding scientific and artistic achievements were among the most remarkable discoveries of the Spanish conquistadors. Here, it should be mentioned that the Spanish conquest in the newly discovered land that became to be known as the New World was driven by the so-called three â€Å"G†. These st ood for gold, gospel and glory[4].The first settlement was followed by the conquest of Mexico by Spanish conquistadors. The Spanish conquest of Mexico was led by Hernando Cortes during the years 1519-1521. The beginning of three hundred years of Spanish hegemony in Mexico was marked as the time when Hernando Cortes landed in today’s Veracruz. This happened on April 22, 1519. From that time on, the land of Mexico was governed by the Spanish Empire. And this settlement was marked to be full of enjoyable and amazing discoveries. Mexico became one of the most ample, wealthy and prosperous regions among the colonized territories of America.The Spanish conquest moved further to the lands of the present day Peru. Many years of fight and fierce struggle have passed before the conquistadors extended control over one of the greatest Andes land now known as Peru. The victory over the region was marked to be the year of 1542, although the battle between the Spanish and Inca Empires began much earlier. In fact, it took decades of violent fighting for Spanish leaders to subdue the most powerful and mightiest empire in America. However, the rule over the Inca civilization was finally gained and this was the beginning of a long-lasting period of Peru colonization. It took three hundred years for the lands of Peru to be liberated and gain independence.Essay on Colonial Latin American History part 2

Managing organisations and change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing organisations and change - Essay Example This brings to the fore the importance of managing changes effectively within an organization. The change has to be implemented in such a manner that the complexities and the cost involved with the same get rationalized. For this there is a need of designing an effective workflow process and putting in the best quality practices. Also the framework for the same must be easy to implement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the biggest challenges which are often faced by the organizations desirous of implementing changes in their organization is the resistance which they face from their employees. The employees are emotionally attached with their organization and workplace. Any changes here are definitely going to affect the morale of the employees and hence they resist changes. As the organization itself is made of employees, it is of utmost importance to take the employees in confidence before implementing any major changes in the organization.   The hospital is facing some problems while implementing these changes. These problems are the result of resistance from workers who are not conversant with the new technologies. Resistance to change in this case has occurred because the people are unable to understand why at all any change is taking place in the organization. The employees have also been found reluctant to move out of their comfort zones. They have this fear of future uncertainties, which might develop after the implementation of changes. There is also a feeling among the employees that these changes have been forcibly enforced on them by the management and they are lamenting about the fact that they have no say in such change management issues. Also the timeframe for such changes is kept short by the management.   To deal with this situation and in order to manage the change effectively, the management of the hospital has decided to provide the best environment to its employees. The following guidelines will be under the adoption of the hospital management

Interview with an HR Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview with an HR Manager - Essay Example What qualities do you look forward to in employees when you hire them? 18. How should companies design the employee training programs to achieve maximum effect? What I learned about that job HR Manager assumes a cardinal position in the HR Department of any organization. HR Manager plays an important role in building the team and maintaining peace and harmony among individual members by addressing their individualistic and collective concerns and resolving their issues. The HR Manager fundamentally serves as a bridge between the higher managers and first line managers. After conducting the interview, I learned about the following responsibilities of an HR Manager: The HR Manager, 1. Develops and maintains HR strategies and policies, and takes measures to achieve full compliance with them by all personnel. 2. Builds HR team, and makes sure that the organization avails the services of an effective HR service. 3. Manages staff members, guides them in all matters, addresses their concern s and resolves their issues. 4. Ensures that the organization is always equipped with a well trained and skilled stream of qualified workers, and recruits more employees from time to time as necessary. 5. Studies the present and upcoming business requirements and takes appropriate measures in time to sustain the flow and speed of work. 6. Develops, improves and standardizes selection criteria and recruitment strategies to ensure the provision of talented staff at all times in the organization. 7. Develops and implements employee training and competence improvement programs in accordance with the growing needs of the business. 8. Maintains salary information and aligns salary with the individualistic performance of employees. It is the HR Manager’s responsibility to suggest increments... Interview with an HR Manager Very few people are aware of the exact responsibilities of an HR Manager. Since he/she is a Manager, people tend to hold him/her responsible for almost all of the duties related to HR Department, many of which are actually not the responsibilities of the HR Manager. Therefore, in an attempt to clearly identify the exact responsibilities of an HR Manager and to define the boundaries of an HR Manager’s scope of responsibilities, I chose to interview the HR Manager. The interview cleared a lot of my doubts and I got an opportunity to learn the exact responsibilities of an HR Manager. Now, I am able to distinguish between the responsibilities of an HR Manager, HR Director and various other HR professionals. HR Manager assumes a cardinal position in the HR Department of any organization. HR Manager plays an important role in building the team and maintaining peace and harmony among individual members by addressing their individualistic and collective concerns and resolving their issues. The HR Manager fundamentally serves as a bridge between the higher managers and first line managers. This one hour interview with the HR Manager Bredford Brown was highly informative. I came to know that an HR Manager plays a central role in maintaining and improving the work conditions and in aligning the work with the macro and micro environmental requirements in which the business is conducted. Organization excels because of the hard work of employees, and it is the HR Manager who hires them and keeps them for work. Therefore, the credit for organizational success fundamentally goes to HR Manager.

Why the suicide rate is high for teenagers Essay

Why the suicide rate is high for teenagers - Essay Example However, despite suicide being one of the leading causes of deaths there has been little effort to address the menace as used in other causes such as heart diseases, cancer, HIV/Aids and so on (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 1). Although suicide is preventable, either there is little understanding or loss of concern about its causes and the prevention measures to be applied. This document examines the major causes and the interventions appropriate to reduce the prevalence of suicide among the teenagers. There are various issues responsible for the prevalence of suicide among the teenagers that respective stakeholders need to understand and address clearly in order to reduce the suicide. Depression and other mental disorders are some of the major causes of suicide among teenagers. The mental disorders and depression are caused by various factors especially among the young generation (Huisman, Pirkis and Robinson 282). For example, abuse of drugs, social rejection, domestic conflicts, sexual abuse, academic failure, etc. When teenagers encounter challenges that make them feel demoralized, they are most likely to suffer depression and other mental disorders (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 1). Depression and mental disorders can result in suicide as teenagers seek for a solution to their problems. In every successful suicide, there are between 8 and 25 attempted suicides (American Foundation for Suicide Prevention 1). The teenagers who undergo treatment after attempted suic ide respond positively to antidepressants. Therefore, it is essential for the people relatives, friends and neighbors to recognize any behavioral change that could result in depression and other mental disorders and address them before they cause teenagers to commit suicide. In American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the use of antidepressants has been reported to lower the rate of suicide among the teenagers (1). Most of

A Case Study Of Uninor

A Case Study Of Uninor As the centre of economic activity shifts towards east, Multinational corporations are increasingly adopting the inorganic route to growth in these markets. Mergers Acquisitions, Joint ventures and strategic alliances are becoming the vehicle for establishing presence in markets like India, China and South Africa. Fascinating as they may seem, Mergers Acquisitions and Joint Ventures have also been the most complex transactions involving financial, business and cultural issues. Through this project, we intend to understand the motives which drive such transactions. Also, we intend to understand the parameters which are crucial to make any JV work. We have chosen to study the fiercely competitive Indian Telecom market for our study as it has seen numerous International players entering the lucrative market through Joint Ventures. Our company for the study is Uninor, which is also one of the fastest growing new entrants in the sector. What makes the case of Uninor more interesting is the unique combination of Indias second largest real estate company, Unitech Ltd and Norway-based Telenor, the 6th largest mobile communications group in the world. The top management is drawn from Telenors global telecom specialists as well as Indians who have local expertise in developing telecom services in India. In this context, the cultural dimension to decision making in Uninor assumes enormous importance. Through the course of this study, we shall first look at mergers and acquisitions as a means to expand for companies. The key drivers, the specific motives as well as the examples related to situations which may mandate an MA transaction instead of growing organically. In the next section, we shall look at the Indian telecom industry and its future potential for growth, major trends and the government regulations which have defined the industry and catalyzed Joint Ventures among foreign and Indian firms. Then, we shall move over to the analysis of India according to Porters Diamond model and the cultural synchrony between India and Norway according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions. These analyses shall enable us to evaluate the paradigms of this Joint Venture. Subsequently, we shall analyze key components of Uninors Strategy in India and also its performance in the past year. We shall also look at its future growth strategy and the hurdles to achieving its targets. We shall conclude our study by looking at the transformative effect of strategic alliances and the Uninor case in India. Introduction The phrase mergers and acquisitions refers to the aspect of corporate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a growing company in a given industry grow rapidly without having to create another business entity. An acquisition is also known as a takeover or buyout, in which one company buys the other (target company). When two companies come together and form a new company altogether, it is known as merger. On the contrary, an acquisition can be friendly or hostile depending on the size of the players involved. Acquisition usually refers to the takeover of a smaller firm by a larger firm. However, one can notice sometimes an acquisition of a larger company by a smaller one. This phenomenon is known as a reverse takeover. The acquisition process is very complex with many dimensions influencing its outcome. There are many reasons why a company seeks acquisition. One is that some vital resource may be otherwise difficult to obtain for the firm, especially if the resource is necessary to adapt and function successfully within the local environment. The following list, not an exhaustive one, gives few motives for company seeking International expansion. Geographic and Industrial Diversification Accelerating Growth Industry Consolidation Utilization of Lower Raw Material and Labor Costs Leveraging Intangible Assets Minimizing Tax Liabilities Avoiding Entry Barriers Fluctuating Exchange Rates Following Customers For instance, an existing company may have personnel that the investor cannot easily hire at a good price on its own. By buying an existing company, the buyer gets not only labor and management but also the organizational structure of the target company. In addition, a company can also gain the good will and brand identification the local company has which is important for marketing mass consumer products, especially in a new market. One can also find financial considerations in few cases. For example, if a company depends substantially on local financing rather than on the transfer of capital may find it easier to gain access to local capital through an acquisition. Local suppliers find it relatively easy and are more comfortable interacting with an already existing company rather than a foreign enterprise. In few cases, companies find acquisitions as a means to reduce costs and risks compared to setting up a fully owned subsidiary. A company may be able to buy facilities, particularly those which are performing poor for less than the cost of new construction. This saves a lot of money to the company. If an investor has a fear that a market does not justify added capacity, the risk of depressed prices and lower unit sales per producer occurs if it adds one more producer to the market is avoided by acquisition. A company may choose to build if No desired company is available for acquisition Acquisition will lead to carry over problems Acquisition is harder to finance Strategic Alliances Alliances can be described based on their objectives and where they fit in a firms value chain. In terms of objectives, one can assume that scale alliances aim at providing efficiency through risk pooling i.e. pooling of similar assets so that individual partners can carry out business activities in which they already have good experience. On the other hand, link alliances make use of complementary resources to expand into new business areas. Each organization entering into a cross-border alliance has its own objectives for operating internationally. Further some alliances take place between partner entities functioning on a different level of value chain, known as vertical alliance, and sometimes on the same level of value chain known as horizontal alliance. On a broader scale, the objectives for cross-border mergers can be divided into the following three categories which were refined earlier. Sales expansion Resource acquisition Risk minimization The following section describes in detail the influence of each of these objectives on the decision of a merger. General Motives: To Spread and reduce costs: To manufacture or sell in foreign countries, any company must incur certain fixed costs. If the volume of business is small, it is cheaper for the company to outsource the work to a specialist rather than handle it internally. The outsourcing agent can spread the costs to more than one company and thus reap the benefits of economies of scale. If the business increases, then the company can rethink its plan of outsourcing and produce everything internally. The company handling the production or sales can lower its average costs by covering its fixed costs more fully. On the other hand, the outsourcing company does not have to incur the fixed costs that otherwise be charged to a small amount of production volume thus overburdening the customers in turn. To Specialize in Competencies: Each company has a unique combination of competencies. It is better for a company to concentrate on those activities that best fits its competencies and improve its performance and leaving out the other activities in which the core competency of the firm does not lie. This concentration can be horizontal as well as vertical. To Avoid or Counter Competition: It is not common to notice few markets that are not large enough to hold many competitors. ITC, for example, observed this phenomenon and pre-empted the competition to emerge as a big player in the Indian industry. Any potential threat should be nipped in the bud itself. Sometimes companies also combine resources to fight a market leader and share the profits jointly. For example, Coca-Cola and Danones joint effort to challenge PepsiCo and Nestle can be viewed as one such strategic move. To secure Vertical and Horizontal Links: It is clear that there are numerous potential cost savings and supply assurances in case of a vertical integration. However, sometimes companies lack the competency or the resources necessary to manage the complete value and supply chain. In these instances it is common to notice a merger. For example, LUKOIL has abundant oil reserves but as it lacked final distribution skills, in addition to making acquisitions abroad, it also made arrangements in countries that ensure a good market for its petroleum. Horizontal links provide finished products and components. For such kind of finished products, economies of scope can be achieved in distribution by having a full line of products to sell thus increasing the sales per fixed cost of a visit to potential customer. To Gain Knowledge: In the present competitive world innovating new ideas to develop products and deliver them is necessary to gain an edge over the rival. Many companies go for a merger to learn about a partners technology, operating methods so their own competencies will broaden and deepen, making them more competitive in the future. We can consider the example of Chinese government that allows foreign companies to tap the Chinese market in exchange for their transfer of technology. Specific Motives To gain Location-specific Assets: The following factors create barriers for companies that want to operate abroad. Cultural Political Competitive Economic differences Going for a merger or an acquisition equips the company to handle these differences and thus providing profitability. For example, Walmart first tried to enter Japanese market but withdrew its operations only to return with a Japanese partner, Seiyu, which is more familiar with local tastes and rules for opening new stores. To Overcome Governmental Constraints: Few nations require compulsory presence of a domestic player as a partner in the operations of a foreign company while few dont. In this case a merger is more favorable. The legal factors which constraint may be Direct prohibitions against certain operating firms Indirect prohibitions (regulations affecting profitability) Mergers and Acquisitions that take place across countries allow for greater spreading of assets among the partner nations. To Diversify Geographically: Operations in many countries (diversification geographically) can smoothen the companys sales and earnings as the business cycles occur at different times within different countries. Though this might not be the actual reason for diversification this does play a minor role in decision making. Mainly, if a product conditions favor a diversification rather than a concentration strategy, due to product life cycle etc, then there exists a strong reason for establishing foreign presence by collaborative arrangements, mergers. The higher the risk managers perceive in a foreign market, the greater their desire to form collaborative arrangements in that market. Problems with Mergers and other alliances Having discussed in detail the reasons why a company goes for a cross-border merger, it also makes sense to highlight the difficulties that arise while collaborating with another company. Each of the above factors is very important while considering a decision to acquire or merge with another company. The stake involved, the management attention, cultural differences, contribution to the merger etc play a key role in its success. Telecom industry in India Introduction Telecommunications industry is one of the fastest growing industries in India and also one of the fastest growing telecom markets in the world. Telecom Industry is evaluated with the following parameters: Number of subscribers: According to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), the number of telephone subscriber base in the country reached 653.92 million as on May 31, 2010 Growth rate: An increase of 2.49 per cent from 638.05 million in April 2010.   Teledensity (Telephones per 100 people): Overall teledensity in India has reached 55.38 Some major investments The attractiveness of the telecom market has resulted in high investments from across the world which was the reason for entry of numerous foreign players and introduction of new services. Recent bidding for 3G network spectrum allocation was one of the most followed biddings due to the high stakes involved for some of the best players in telecom industry. According to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP), the telecommunications sector which includes radio paging, mobile services and basic telephone services attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) worth US$ 2,554 million during 2009-10. The cumulative flow of FDI in the sector during April 2000 and March 2010 is US$ 8,930.61 million. The Merger and Acquisition deals in telecom industry were worth US$ 22.73 billion during April-June 2010, which represented 67.19 per cent of the total valuation of the deals across all the sectors during the period analyzed.   Some of the recent Mergers and Acquisitions include: Reliance Communication Ltd that merged GTL infrastructure Ltd, its telecom tower business, for US$ 11 billion Other major MA deals included acquiring of Kuwait-based Zain telecoms African business for US$ 10.7 billion by BhartiAirtel   Acquisition of Infotel broadband for US$ 1032.26 million by Reliance Industries Norway-based telecom operator Telenor has bought a further 7 per cent in Unitech Wireless for a little over US$ 431.3 million. Telenor now has 67.25 per cent hold of the company New trends- The Gamechangers 3G services Public sector companies namely BSNL and MTNL have already launched their 3G services across India in all 22 circles. The other companies (All of them were private entities) took part in a 3G auction process that was held to give 3G licenses in all the 22 circles. The bidding started after numerous political interventions stopped it for almost 2 years. The process started with a lot of media attention mainly due to the delay in the process and the amount of investments that were expected, especially for all India license. The process was completed using an e-bidding process that was held simultaneously with broadband wireless auctions for a period of 34 days. The auction prices went beyond expectations. A pan-India bid for third generation spectrum stood at US$ 3.6 billion. However no operator could bid and obtain the pan India license. The Anil Ambani-led Reliance Communication bagged the highest number of 13 circles at a cost of US$ 1.9 billion, followed by BhartiAirtel in 12, Idea in 11 and Vodafone and the Tatas in nine circles each, according to the Department of Telecommunications. Rural telephony One concern that remains in the telecom industry is the penetration to rural India that has not been up to the expected levels till now. Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh opined, Although the growth in the last few years has been truly impressive and our tariffs are among the lowest in the world, vast stretches of our rural population have little or no telecom penetration. Rural tele-density is still in single digits. I had heard of plans for a Phone in Every Village some twenty years ago. We have not yet reached that goal. This is why we have emphasized telecom connectivity in our Bharat Nirman programme. TRAI suggested the following in 2008-09 report: It has been observed that despite several attempts over the last ten years, telecom infrastructure in rural areas is lagging behind the expected levels. There has been a phenomenal spurt in the growth of tele-density in the country with the evolution of new wireless technologies, but the gap between the urban and rural teledensity has been increasing. As can be seen in the figure the growth of telecom in rural India has been lagging and hence the government and TRAI are giving stricter guidelines to telecom companies about the rural penetration. Hence telecom penetration would play a vital role in telecom operators strategy for the coming years. Mergers and Acquisitions in Telecom in India As already discussed there are many reasons for a company to pursue the path of Mergers and Acquisitions. In telecom industry in India some of the reasons why companies take up M A are: General motives To spread and reduce costs To specialize in competencies To gain knowledge Specific motives To gain location-specific assets To overcome governmental constraints To diversify geographically One reason that stands out the most in these set of factors is the governmental constraints. The governmental constraints in telecom industry are laid out through Department of Telecom and they are monitored by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. The constraints on foreign investment in India are as follows: FDI upto 100% in Telecom manufacturing ISPs without gateways Infrastructure provider (IP) I Call Centres IT enabled services FDI upto 74% in ISPs with gateways IP II Radio Paging FDI upto 49% in other telecom services Cellular Basic NLD and other services Expected strategy path in Telecom sector in India Following graph shows the Price sensitivity of the market versus the cost leadership that a company should achieve: India Price Sensitivity Cost leadership Differentiation Any company that wants to enter the Indian market should look at attaining cost leadership as the market is highly price sensitive. Cost leadership can be achieved through economies of scale if the partnering firm is an existing telecom player with established network resources. Motives for going Global for any company Uninors motives for going Global Spreading costs Achieving specialization Avoiding competition in domestic market Securing Vertical and Horizontal links Gaining technical expertise Increase revenue to sustain growth Tapping new markets due to saturation of domestic market Diversifying geographically i.e. International presence Hofstede cultural dimension differences between India and Norway Country PDI IDV MAS UAI India 77 48 56 40 Norway 31 69 8 50 PDI Power Distance Index IDV Individualism MAS Masculinity UAI Uncertainty Avoidance Index Source: Greet Hofstede Scores -ITIM International Hofstedes cultural Dimension INDIA NORWAY Power Distance Very High. In India the level of inequality is endorsed by the followers as well as the leaders Low. The inequality in power distribution in Norway is very less Individualism Moderately high. Collectivism is expected to the levels of family ties to a very large extent and has no political sense Very High. The relationships between individuals are weak limited to his/her immediate family Masculinity High. More preference is given to the materialistic gains in India Low. In Norway feminine values such as quality of life are given more preference Uncertainty Avoidance Low. Opinions are subjected to change. More oriented towards the acceptance of uncertainty Moderately High. People in Norway are less likely to accept uncertainty According to the survey conducted by Hofstede among IBM employees India has power distance index as the where as in Norway Individualism is ranked higher than the other cultural dimensions. From the above figure it is clearly evident that there are significant cultural differences between India and Norway. The western management theories and practices that are successful in Norway may not work well in India. Indians hold different cultural core values than their western counter parts. The Indian culture is hierarchical where the cultural norms have changed the way of thinking which affects various management operations, which Norwegian firms may find it difficult to understand. There is a huge difference between Indian and Norwegian work culture. In India a little authority is given to the middle management or lower management in decision making, in general top management beholds the full authority to make decisions. Whereas in Norway decision making process in a conflict situation involving individuals of different levels of seniority. The management style in India is less aggressive in comparison with Norwegian style. Indians prefer male values such as competitiveness, assertiveness, ambition and the accumulation of wealth and materialistic possessions whereas in Norway people prefer female values such as relationships and quality of life. In Norway people are more oriented to develop and display their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations than in India. Porters Diamond Model for India Demand: India consists of a population of 1.14 billion, 17.31% of the worlds population. It has around 300 million population of highly consumable middle class status. India is ranked second in the world in terms of having the largest telecommunication network, after china with more than 653 million subscribers. The telecom market in India has been growing by 20 to 40 percent every year since past 3 years. And is expected to grow with a CAGR of 11% in the coming next 10 years. The Indian telecom market is estimated to be $8 billion in 2010. 83% of market share comprises of basic service providers and only 17% value added service providers. Emerging technologies like 3G and penetration of internet in telecom sector are going to be growth drivers in the Indian telecom industry because of increase in demand for latest technologies. Supporting Industries: The Indian telecom industry has vast range of state of the art telecom equipment manufacturers. The production of telecom equipment is valued at $12.3billion in 2010. Indian imports of telecom equipment accounted for 21% of US equipment production in 2009. Further Indian mobile companies strengthened their market position by launching various handsets. Indian mobile phone brands consists of 14% markets share. Telecommunication equipment major Nokia Siemens is planning source components worth $28.5 billion from India in 2010-11. In 2009 it sourced components worth $20 billion. Indian telecom equipment production is estimated grow at a CAGR of 17.1% to reach $25 billion by 2014. India is fast emerging as a hub for global telecom Manufacturing and the production and exports of telecom equipment in the country have been on a steady rise. Leading global players have made significant investments in setting up manufacturing and RD facilities in India, with many more being planned. Resource Endowment India is a knowledge pool with cheap labor. Indian telecom industry has skilled labor available at low cost. With abundant skills availability, there are large swathes of lower tier vendors who can still compete on costs. Industry Structure and Firm Strategy Indian telecom industry is the worlds cheapest service provider. Indian telecom market has viewed a tremendous average growth rate of 40% for the last 3 years. It has become very competitive recently with advent of global players after the government made a policy change allowing FDI up to 74% in telecom industry. Major players are rapidly increasing their market share by continuously improving their network coverage, technology, customer relations by offering their services at significantly lower prices. New entrants like Virgin mobile, Aircel etc. are trying to position themselves as low cost value added service providers focusing on emerging technologies. Telenor is the worlds 7th largest telecommunications service provider and it aims to be a leading global mobile operator by leveraging on its international experience and technological expertise. It wants to achieve its goal by focusing on three regions Consolidation of its position in the voice market through global expansions, acquisitions, mergers and JVs/partnerships Mobile to Mobile communications and financial services Telecom/media/IT convergence, primarily through third-party applications and services UNINOR- The Genesis Unitech Wireless won a wireless services licence for all 22 Indian telecom circles in2008. In early 2009, Unitech Group and Telenor agreed on a majority take-over by Telenor of Unitechs wireless business. Telenor acquired a 33%, 49% and 60% stake in the company in March, May and November 2009, respectively. In September, the mobile operation changed its name to Uninor. On October 19 2009, the Cabinet Committee (CCEA) announced approved Telenors acquisition of up to 74% in Unitech Wireless. UNINOR Presence Uninor launched its service in India in December in 8 telecom circles. It turned out to be the speediest telecom roll-out in India. Within 5 months, it entered five more circles including the metros of Mumbai and Kolkata. Uninor has its headquarters at Gurgaon and 11 regional headquarters in the following cities: Kolkata Kolkata, West Bengal Orissa Circle Delhi / Noida (NCR) Delhi, Western Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand Rajasthan Circle Patna Bihar Jharkhand Circle Mumbai Mumbai, Maharashtra Gujarat Lucknow Guwahati Chandigarh Indore Ahmedabad Chennai Chennai, Tamil Nadu Bangalore Karnataka Circle Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh Circle Kochi- Kerala Circle Uninors Strategic Alliances Uninor has outsourced its major operational functions to established players with proven expertise. The operational model is based on low-cost operations with a gradual network-build up, infrastructure sharing, comparatively cheap GSM equipment sourced from international markets, and IT-outsourcing. Uninor has entered into network and base station service agreements with partners with expertise in given areas like- Wireless-TT Info Service Limited for Tower sharing agreements Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei Technologies India, Nokia Siemens Networks and Ericsson Telecommunications for network and radio equipment. Wipro Technologies for integrated IT services. UNINORs Strategy in India Uninor based its growth model in the fiercely competitive Indian market by providing value to the customers through a new tariff, called Dynamic Pricing. Dynamic Pricing is an innovative pricing strategy that Uninor has pioneered in which the customer is charged different charges depending on the location and the network to which the call is made. Going by the maximum discount offered by the company, a one-minute call could cost as low as 24 paise compared to 60 paise charged by other operators. UNINOR- Performance in India In the month of June, Uninor topped the list of new mobile operators by adding maximum connections to the tune of 1.01 million. The new mobile service providers together accounted for 1.65 million which was 13.5% of the total mobile subscriber additions during this period. Source: Share Khan Brokerage report on Telecom sector, 16th July 2010 Uninor had added just 2.1m active subscribers i.e. just 50% of the reported 4.3m as of Mar-10. The company defines active subscribers as those that used network during last 30 days. Even on active subscribers, ARPU at ~Rs 86 suggests low usage especially given that mobile revenues could have a higher contribution from activation fee during the launch period. The tariff cuts aimed at increasing the user might be a reason for the low ARPU. The new mobile operators including Etisalat DB, Loop , Uninor, Videocon, and STel added just 1.7 million new users in June 2010. Uninor added 10 lakh subscribers during this period. It is around 15 per cent of 12.29 million new subscriber base added during this duration by the industry. As a result, barring Uninor, none of the other players has managed to get even 1% market share of the 456-million subscriber GSM mobile market. According to the TRAI licence conditions, new operators are required to complete roll out in all the circles within three years and that deadline is fast approaching. CAPEX Guidance Lowered by TELENOR Telenor cut back its India capex guidance by 25% i.e. Rs5.5bn for FY10. Uninor reasoned this to a combination of lack of spectrum, the stringent security clearance process for equipments and the need to adjust roll-out speed for distributors. Uninor may find it tough to retain traffic beyond 1-2 quarters given the low level of tariffs already. Uninor has rolled out 18,000 cell sites (which was around 13,300 at end-Dec 2009). Uninor is currently operating in 13 circles with subscriber base of 43 lakhs (which was 1.2 million at December end 2009). Conclusion Through the course of the study, we assessed the reasons which make MA and other means of inorganic growth, the preferred route to enter a market for international corporations. We tried to list down the motives and the vision behind such cross border transactions. We realized that a diverse range of parameters drive MAs globally. They can range from getting around government regulations to gaining a first mover advantage in a growing market. As more global corporations try to establish their foothold over the emerging markets, we witness interesting new trends. Their entry into emerging markets is increasingly by partnering with the local companies. This is perhaps also catalyzed by government regulations which stipulate maximum FDI limits for multinational corporations from abroad. We also looked at factors which contribute to the decision to enter/not enter a particular market for a corporation including the competitive advantage to the corporation and the cultural synergies between the parent market of the company and the new prospective market. We chose the extremely dynamic telecom sector for our analysis as it has seen numerous international players enter through the JV route. We analysed the dynamics of the telecom sector and the fallout of the recent 3G spectrum allocations on the sector. Uninor is the case we took for analyzing the actual details of an existing JV. We chose Uninor as its unique in the way that unitech wireless had no pri

Political Science Essay

Non-governmental organizations and Inter-governmental organization are defined as actors in the international level which operate and they carry out their activities without any state control. Non-governmental organizations are formed voluntarily by citizens, with the aim of charitable participation within the organization. They are independent within the laws of society and are managed by those elected or the appointed board. Its legal status is based on freedom of association, one of the most basic human rights. This paper will focus on various aspects of these two kinds of organizations and their effects on the international relations of a state. NGOs are not established with the purpose of making profit rather they are engaged in revenue-generating activities. The revenue obtained is used in pursuit of the organization’s mission. Employees get the proper reward for relevant work done. Nevertheless, boards are not paid for the work they do but are reimbursed for any expense they incur in executing board duties. In addition, NGOs aims at improving the circumstances and prospects of people and to act on issues detrimental to the well being of the society as a whole (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). There exists great diversification in terms of independence, size of business, source of funding, international reach and operating procedures. These organizations can execute projects, shield or promote specific causes and seek to manipulate policy. NGOs are not subject to international law and include organizations like Amnesty international, the International chamber of Commerce and International Red Cross. IGOs  Intergovernmental organizations, commonly abbreviated as IGOs, comprise of sovereign states that are positioned to carry out projects and plans in common interest. NGOs act in conjunction with IGOs by complimenting IGO- initiated and funded programmes, as operational partners. IGOs include organizations like the European Union and the international financial institutions, World Bank. Most of IGOs work for and are financed by rich corporations and some state governments (Beigbeder, 1991). They are important aspect of public international law and are formed by treaty that acts as a bond creating the group. IGOs plays a major role by providing means of cooperation and multiple channels of communication between and among states in fields which cooperation and communication provides advantages for almost all nations. With the major roles of IGOs as rule making, data collection and agenda setting, they decrease uncertainty between states and explore cooperative solution for international problems. IGOs may manipulate norms of international relations and preferences of nation-states; for instance, the United Nations Environment Program which played key role in the conception of regimes such as the protection of the Mediterranean Sea. A well known case is the International Atomic Energy Agency which evidenced that IGOs play a significant role in monitoring principles, norms and rules of international institutions and international regimes. Infrastructure has developed within states as IGOs are greatly concerned with technical issues like telecommunication, postal services, transportation and environmental management. Economic development has been witnessed with IMF and the World Bank being successful in money flowing, debt management and financing debt issues between rich and poor states. States are able to obtain information about the international society and politics. Decisions made by IGOs are as a result of negotiations among the governmental agents assigned to them. Activities of IGOs such as the UN and the IMF are seen to be more influential for most diminutive countries as compared with countries with very big powers as they are not constrained too much by their principles. NGOs exists in many kinds such as transnational, governmental organized, governmental regulated and initiated, business and industry, transnational social movements and anti-governmental. For the recent decade their effectiveness for transnational politics has become pertinent and their number increased. NGOs mobilize universal networks by creating transnational organizations, gathering data on local conditions through associates around the world, creating immediate response and drum up pressure from the outside states. NGOs work hand in hand with IGOs by participating in their conferences and engaging in social appointments, building communal coalitions, raising new agendas and addressing IGOs meetings (Beigbeder, 1991). They also maintain inter-state collaboration by preparing backing papers, reports and refining delegates of states to narrow technical gap, intensifying policy options and bringing delegates together. They carry out activities within states such as linking to local partners and transnational movements, providing humanitarian aid protecting persons in danger. NGOs promote public participation within states by bringing awareness to the government delegates that they are being watched. This is achieved through the endless effort in increasing transparency and honesty of international negotiations and public institutions and aggravating public protest. They do mobilization of international community to fight against oppression, afflict, group and personal rights. Effects of NGOs and NGOs on international relations of a state Non-state actors have caused great transformation in international relations as they have become the major determinants of foreign policies of nation states as they have remained active in playing their major roles in more than one state. They are involved in both domestic and international settings. Through their personal connection with their employees, they help nation states to solve problems such as climatological changes, shortage of food, poverty, and insufficient natural resources. In many cases of political conflicts like the cold war which resulted to tribalism and other cultural cleavages, many non-state actors have been involved to solve them and shape national, regional and international policies and thus their role has been widely accepted by many political scientists. However, these scientists only differed on the level of relevance and effectiveness of non-state actors. Intergovernmental organizations and Non-governmental organizations are included in the part of world system and are source of effectiveness in international politics. In today’s world, it has become quite difficult to evaluate international politics and pattern without attaching the great influence of non-state actors which are gaining position. Moreover, non-state actors have shown concern with the rural poor and have managed to maintain field presence in distant locations where it quite difficult to keep government staff in station. They have identified the needs of the rural poor in terms of agricultural developments. They have also implemented new systems for testing new technology such as soya production in Bangladesh (Ahmed & Potter, 2008). In other cases, non-state actors have assisted to organize landless labourers to get and operate water pumping technology and irrigation schemes. Concisely, they have sustained joint efforts in soil and water conservation whether is on private land or on micro-watershed areas. Conclusion  In conclusion, increased transactions, awareness and common concern on regional and global problems require collaboration between states and non-state actors so as to maintain their welfare. These organizations will also require further cooperation and communication among themselves to strengthen their effectiveness as actors in the implementation of sustainable achievement. Nation-states including the most powerful one, the United States, have to attach great significance to non-state actors in order to improve and achieve their main interests.